Because the lungs and kidneys act as important regulators of the respiratory and metabolic acid–base balance, assessment of the status of a patient with any disorder of respiration and metabolism includes periodic blood gas measurements.īlood pressure the pressure of the blood in the blood vessels. They reflect the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, the ability of the kidneys to control the retention or elimination of bicarbonate, and the effectiveness of the heart as a pump. These variables are important tools for assessment of a patient’s acid– base balance. Analyses of blood gases provide the following information: P ao 2–partial pressure ( P) of oxygen (O 2) in the arterial blood (a) Sao 2–percentage of available hemoglobin that is saturated (Sa) with oxygen (O 2) P aco 2–partial pressure ( P) of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the arterial blood (a) pH–an expression of the extent to which the blood is alkaline or acidic HCO 3 −–the concentration of plasma bicarbonate, TCO 2, base excess, base deficit. Green-topped tubes contain lithium or sodium heparin anticoagulant and are used for avian and reptile samples, for some blood chemistry, and blood gas analysis blue-topped tubes contain sodium citrate anticoagulant and are used for coagulation studies gray-topped tubes contain sodium fluoride oxalate, which inhibits the glycolytic pathway and thereby extends the time for blood glucose determinations.īlood gas analysis laboratory study of arterial and venous blood for the purpose of measuring partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration (pH). Red-topped tubes have no anticoagulant and are for tests done on serum, which includes blood chemistry, serologic testing and drug monitoring some may be marked differently to indicate they have an added gel that facilitates separation of serum from cells lavender- topped tubes contain EDTA anticoagulant and are used for general hematology There is general uniformity between commercial laboratories in color coding of tube markings and stoppers, indicating which ones are suitable for what tests. These may contain various additives appropriate to the requirements of the test(s) being requested. Dairy cattle spend 40–65% of their time lying down and the quality and management of bedding and housing for dairy cattle has a major influence on udder health.īlood collection tubes containers used to transport blood samples collected for laboratory analysis. The latter is a practicable solution for animals that have difficulty rising either because of infirmity or because of slipperiness of the flooring. Some of the materials used are cereal straws, ferns or bracken harvested for the purpose, peat moss, sawdust and shavings, shredded paper, especially newsprint, sand, mats made from reconstituted rubber and indoor–outdoor carpet. Things to avoid are palatability, e.g., salty sand, good oatstraw containing a lot of grain, shavings and sawdust from timber treated with wood preservatives or irritant resins, e.g., black walnut shavings. The need is for cost-effectiveness, softness with durability, freedom from dust or poisonous components, and springiness and avoidance of compaction.

The materials vary widely, each having advantages. See also bacteria.īedding materials used to provide comfort, conservation of body heat, protection of bony prominences and ease of cleaning. The capsule can protect the bacterium from phagocytosis. Pili may be involved in conjugation, secretion, motility, and/or adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells. Bacteria can have extracellular structures: flagella, which are rotating locomotor organelles pili or fimbriae, which are filamentous appendages and a capsule, which is a layer of gelatinous material around the cell. Some antimicrobial agents, the penicillins and cephalosporins, act by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall outside of the cell membrane primarily composed of a dense layer of peptidoglycan, a network of polysaccharide chains with polypeptide cross-links. Some bacteria can form spores, dehydrated forms that are resistant to heat, cold, lack of water, toxic chemicals and radiation.

Genetic material can be transferred between bacteria by three processes: transformation (absorption of naked DNA), transduction (transfer by a temperate bacteriophage), and conjugation (transfer by independently replicating DNA molecules, called plasmids). Bacteria reproduce by binary fission and generally have a very high rate of population growth and mutation. Most have a single double-stranded DNA chromosome in contrast to eukaryotes, which have multiple chromosomes, which are complex structures of DNA and protein.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that differ from all other organisms (the eukaryotes) in lacking a true nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes.

Hereditary elliptocytosis bva decisions